The only limit is the speed at which the cpu can get through the code within the interrupt. It takes some cycles to enter the interrupt, to run the code, and to exit. Expect it to take tens of clock cycles at a minimum, but the exact value depends.
Generally, interrupts faster than tens of kHz get into trouble, but you can interrupt at 1 MHz or more if your code is well optimized.
Technical details will be in the ARM documentation.
Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual r0p0 (arm.com)
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