How can I interface an electret microphone (condenser) to STM32F4?

Any special frequencies you want to detect? eg. very low frequencies? - ultra high frequencies? If so, I would go digital microphones. With electret microphones you will either have to create your own analog amplifier circuit - or go with a chip that does most of the work for you eg. the MAX4465/MAX4466 (you can even get a little Adafruit board based on the MAX446 that has most of the things you need on it) - and then use the ADC to input the signal. I used to use electret microphones but now have been using digital microphones (first the I2S type, and now the PDM types) - I have been very impressed with their performance (except that I have destroyed a few with my experiments - when you pull them apart you find that they have very delicate structures inside them). The PDM microphones have been difficult to get right from the digital aspect (setting up the DFSDM, DC blocking, decimating filter) but the hardware simplicity and audio sensitivity has been worth the development pain for me.

This may help:

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/electret-mic-breakout-board-hookup-guide?_ga=2.42597285.1635319390.1653312732-1585822193.1653312732

Hint: if you are serious about recording stuff. Get yourself a high-quality commercial audio recorder (eg. Olympus). I only realised my multiple electret elements I tried were crap when I compared the output I was getting with the downloaded recording from the commercial recorder. My electrets could barely pick up the lowest bass notes, whereas the digital recorder picked them up easily and cleanly.