Nothing built in, nothing used on debugger.
You could set some sectors on MCU flash to R/O (to avoid it is overwritten): via debugger you could remove the "write locks" before you program again a new image. But anybody can still do (knowing the "trick").
You can generate a checksum after the BIN/EFL was created. And you can append this checksum to the BIN/ELF file. When you flash it into MCU - the checksum is also stored there.
In order to find the checksum easier (it would be always on a different address): you can decide to store such a cheksum on a reserved and dedicated address location.
But:
- you have to "patch" your BIN/ELF file (ELF file is potentially very difficult to patch!) in order to write the checksum into file, so that it is also in flash when MCU programmed
- you have to write a function running in MCU which would check the flash content by calculating the real checksum and compare it with the stored checksum
- BUT;
it does not make real sense: anybody is still able to write a new MCU flash content - ripping out all what you had there.
Or: if somebody modifies a little bit the source code, even he keeps the checksum stuff in place - but this code crashes now, e.g. during startup - you do not have any chance to run a checksum test - it is not a guarantee that your flash memory is not corrupted: if a "neutrino flies through your flash memory and flips a bit" - potentially you will realize it by the fact, that your FW does not work anymore as before
What you are potentially looking for is "Trust Zone" support. Check out MCUs with Trust Zone (e.g. STM32U5A5 and others). Or at least, check if you can set "Flash Lock Bits" via debugger (not really "secure": anybody can also remove again the lock bits).
Or: check if MCU has CRC features, e.g. to "protect" memory content via CRC checksums (and ability to correct bit errors). You would enable to use CRC and potentially you can query the MCU internal registers "if there was an CRC error correction needed". But you cannot repair the entire memory: if too many address locations are corrupted - nothing will work anymore as expected.
You are looking for "Trust Zone" and maybe "Tamper Protection": make it impossible that anybody can reflash or even read the flash content ("Secure Flash") or if somebody tries to "break in", e.g. via a debugger, tracing your code, reading your data in memory - you can let erase all data so that an intruder cannot find anything.
Check out the STM32U5x MCUs - they have all these "security" features.
