Hmmm, I was misremembering the poll function, thought that the timeout <= 200 part was to break out of the loop. I see what you are saying now. For some reason mine does break out of the loop eventually, despite never getting the value it is looking ...
I am also having the same issue. In my case I am trying to connect from a SAMD21 board using the Arduino framework, if that is relevant. I hooked up a logic analyzer and found the same conclusion, it fails during the _vl53l5cx_poll_for_answer call ri...