Hello and welcome to the community.
Many questions to answer here.. Not obvious to give all the details but I can help. Next time better to split different questions in different thread.
1.Does the STM32H753ZI use the regular CAN peripheral or the newer FDCAN peripheral?
Answer: You can configure FDCAN in Classical mode: see this example in Cube HAL: https://github.com/STMicroelectronics/STM32CubeH7/tree/master/Projects/STM32H743I-EVAL/Examples/FDCAN/FDCAN_Classic_Frame_Networking
2- In CubeMX, which settings (baud rate, prescaler, seg1, seg2, etc.) are recommended for 500 kbps?
I propose to read this article for Classical CAN communication: How to use FDCAN to create a simple communication with a basic filter
For FDCAN communication: STM32 FDCAN running at 8 Mb/s on NUCLEO boards
3- Since the H753ZI board doesn’t have an onboard CAN transceiver, which external transceiver IC (e.g., MCP2551, SN65HVD230, TJA1050, etc.) would be best to use with it?
Answer: SN65HVD230 is more suitable as it's 3.3V tranceiver. But MCP2551 could be used (you need to ensure its VIHmin level of 2V for the transmit)
4- Are there any example CubeIDE projects or reference codes specifically for CAN/FDCAN on the STM32H7 series?
Answer: Yes: See: https://github.com/STMicroelectronics/STM32CubeH7/tree/master/Projects/STM32H743I-EVAL/Examples/FDCAN
5- How to setup the pinout configuration and clock configuration.
Answer: You need to activate the FDCAN peripheral, there will be two pins that will be activated/configured automatically. If you need to change them you need to do it in the Pinout view.
You need also to use HSE either with a crystal or another source like STLINK-MCO: please read this article: How to use STLINK-V3 MCO output on Nucleo boards as a precise clock source for STM32
Hope I answered all your questions.
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