The dropout voltage of an LD1117 is specified as max. 1.1V at 100mA, but an STM32F102 has considerably lower current consumption, so the dropout voltage might be significantly lower. This in turn increases the output voltage in your case.
In addition, in your case a flyback is working, whose switching frequency appears as a ripple at the output. This ripple also increases the input voltage, which exacerbates the problem.
By the way: the Absolute Maximum Ratings are the values that must not be exceeded under any circumstances, because otherwise no guarantee can be given for the parts.
It therefore no longer matters what could happen then. As already mentioned, for professional use the STM32s must be regarded as pre-damaged and disposed of or replaced by new ones.
I am very sorry not to be able to give a more pleasant answer.
If the problem is solved, please mark this thread as answered by selecting Select as best, as also explained here. This will help other users find that answer faster.
Regards
/Peter