Welcome @risingEdge to the community!
The functions you mentioned are alternate functions of these pins while only one of the same type can be used at a time. Or the other way around: a hardware periphery can only be connected to an associated pin or pin group at a certain time.
There is currently no STM32F4 with 4* I2C in hardware, but there is a wide selection of MCUs with 4...6* I2C in other families, e.g.
STM32CubeMX (stand alone or as part of STM32CubeIDE) will help you to find the most suitable part. It also helps you avoid multiplexing errors like the one you would have made with I2C1 on two different pin pairs.
Good luck!
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/Peter