HardFault_Handler when trying to run ai_network_run

[YoussefAbdalla]

Hi ,
I go into the hardfault handler when trying to run the ai_network_run which I call inside my run_inference function which is inside my ADC ISR , then it calls ai_platform_network_process , that is where we get thrown into the HardFault Handler . here is my code in case anyone has improvements please don’t hesitate to reply .

Note : I tried all the previously mentioned suggestions like clocking CRC and increasing stack size , I increased both stack size and heap size to 0x8000 .

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2024 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "app_x-cube-ai.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
#include "ai_platform.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "network.h"
#include "network_data.h"
/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */

/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
ADC_HandleTypeDef hadc1;

MDF_HandleTypeDef AdfHandle0;
MDF_FilterConfigTypeDef AdfFilterConfig0;

CRC_HandleTypeDef hcrc;

DCACHE_HandleTypeDef hdcache1;

I2C_HandleTypeDef hi2c1;
I2C_HandleTypeDef hi2c2;

OSPI_HandleTypeDef hospi1;
OSPI_HandleTypeDef hospi2;

SPI_HandleTypeDef hspi2;

TIM_HandleTypeDef htim3;

UART_HandleTypeDef huart4;
UART_HandleTypeDef huart5;
UART_HandleTypeDef huart1;

PCD_HandleTypeDef hpcd_USB_OTG_FS;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

//ai_u8 data_activations0[AI_NETWORK_DATA_ACTIVATION_1_SIZE];
ai_buffer ai_input[AI_NETWORK_IN_NUM];
ai_buffer ai_output[AI_NETWORK_OUT_NUM];
float input_data[AI_NETWORK_IN_1_SIZE];  // Input buffer
float output_data[AI_NETWORK_OUT_1_SIZE]; // Output buffer


ai_handle network = AI_HANDLE_NULL;
ai_error err;

#define ADC_BUFFER_SIZE 180  // Number of ADC samples for one ECG input
static uint16_t adc_buffer[ADC_BUFFER_SIZE];
static uint16_t sample_index = 0;

uint8_t normal_flag = 0;
uint8_t abnormal_flag = 0;

// UART buffer
char buf[100];
int buf_len = 0;

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void SystemPower_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_ADF1_Init(void);
static void MX_I2C1_Init(void);
static void MX_I2C2_Init(void);
static void MX_ICACHE_Init(void);
static void MX_OCTOSPI1_Init(void);
static void MX_OCTOSPI2_Init(void);
static void MX_SPI2_Init(void);
static void MX_UART4_Init(void);
void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void);
static void MX_UCPD1_Init(void);
static void MX_USB_OTG_FS_PCD_Init(void);
static void MX_ADC1_Init(void);
static void MX_DCACHE1_Init(void);
static void MX_UART5_Init(void);
static void MX_CRC_Init(void);
static void MX_TIM3_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the System Power */
  SystemPower_Config();

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */
  // Enable CRC clock (important for AI network initialization)
  //__HAL_RCC_CRC_CLK_ENABLE();
  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_ADF1_Init();
  MX_I2C1_Init();
  MX_I2C2_Init();
  MX_ICACHE_Init();
  MX_OCTOSPI1_Init();
  MX_OCTOSPI2_Init();
  MX_SPI2_Init();
  MX_UART4_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();
  MX_UCPD1_Init();
  MX_USB_OTG_FS_PCD_Init();
  MX_ADC1_Init();
  MX_DCACHE1_Init();
  MX_UART5_Init();
  MX_CRC_Init();
  MX_TIM3_Init();
  MX_X_CUBE_AI_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
  __HAL_RCC_CRC_CLK_ENABLE();
  ai_handle network = AI_HANDLE_NULL;
  ai_error err;

  ai_network_params ai_params = {
      AI_NETWORK_DATA_WEIGHTS(ai_network_data_weights_get()),
      AI_NETWORK_DATA_ACTIVATIONS(data_activations0)
  };

  // Create and initialize the network
//  err = ai_network_create_and_init(&network, data_activations0, NULL);
//  if (err.type != AI_ERROR_NONE) {
//      printf("AI Network Init Failed\r\n");
//      Error_Handler();  // Handle initialization failure
//  }

  err = ai_network_create(&network, AI_NETWORK_DATA_CONFIG);
  if (err.type != AI_ERROR_NONE) {
	  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Network Creation Failed\r\n", 25, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
	  Error_Handler();
  }

  if (!ai_network_init(network, &ai_params)) {
	  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Network Init Failed\r\n", 22, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
	  Error_Handler();
  }



  //buf_len = sprintf(buf, "AI Network Initialized\r\n");
  //HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)buf, buf_len, 100);

  //calibrate ADC for better accuracy and start it with interrupt
   if(HAL_ADCEx_Calibration_Start(&hadc1, ADC_CALIB_OFFSET, ADC_SINGLE_ENDED) != HAL_OK)
	   Error_Handler();

   if(HAL_ADC_Start_IT(&hadc1) != HAL_OK)
	   Error_Handler();
   //start PWM Generation
   if(HAL_TIM_PWM_Start(&htim3, TIM_CHANNEL_1) != HAL_OK)
	   Error_Handler();








  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {



	HAL_Delay(4000);  // Delay between classifications

	if (normal_flag) {
			normal_flag = 0;
			HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Normal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 30, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
		}
	if (abnormal_flag) {
		abnormal_flag = 0;
		HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Abnormal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 32, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
	}
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

  MX_X_CUBE_AI_Process();
    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */


void run_inference(void) {
    ai_error err;
    ai_i32 nbatch;

// Check if network is valid, if not, recreate it
	if (network == AI_HANDLE_NULL) {
		printf("Reinitializing network...\r\n");

		// Recreate and reinitialize the network
		err = ai_network_create_and_init(&network, data_activations0, NULL);
		if (err.type != AI_ERROR_NONE) {
			printf("AI Network Init Failed\r\n");
			Error_Handler();  // Handle initialization failure
		}
	}


    for (int i = 0; i < ADC_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) {
		input_data[i] = (float)adc_buffer[i] / 16384.0f;  // Normalize ADC values
	}
    // Initialize AI input and output buffers without using n_batches
    ai_input[0].data = AI_HANDLE_PTR(input_data);
    ai_output[0].data = AI_HANDLE_PTR(output_data);

    // Run the inference on the network
    nbatch = ai_network_run(network, ai_input, ai_output);
    if (nbatch != 1) {
        // If inference fails, print error message and return
        HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Error: Inference failed!\r\n", 26, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
        return;
    }

    // Get the inference result and print classification result
    if (output_data[0] > 0.5f) {
        // Abnormal heartbeat detected
        HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Abnormal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 30, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
    	abnormal_flag = 1;

    } else {
        // Normal heartbeat detected
        HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Normal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 27, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
    	normal_flag = 1;
    }
}




void HAL_ADC_ConvCpltCallback(ADC_HandleTypeDef *hadc)
{
	if (hadc->Instance == ADC1) {
		if (sample_index < ADC_BUFFER_SIZE) {
			        adc_buffer[sample_index++] = HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1);  // Store ADC value
		}

		if (sample_index >= ADC_BUFFER_SIZE) {
			// Once buffer is full, run inference
			run_inference();
			sample_index = 0;  // Reset the sample index for the next reading
		}
	}

}

[Julian E.]

Hello @YoussefAbdalla ,

ISRs should execute quickly and avoid heavy computations or blocking operations. Running complex AI inference within an ISR is not recommended as it can lead to stack overflows and timing issues, causing HardFaults.

Try to move inference code in your main while(1):

 while (1) {
    if (run_inference_flag) {
      run_inference();
      run_inference_flag = 0;
    }

    HAL_Delay(4000);  // Delay between classifications

    if (normal_flag) {
      normal_flag = 0;
      HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Normal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 30, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
    }
    if (abnormal_flag) {
      abnormal_flag = 0;
      HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Abnormal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 32, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
    }

Use a flag to indicate when the ADC buffer is full and process the inference in the main loop instead of inside the ISR.

Also, reinitializing the network inside run_inference() if network == AI_HANDLE_NULL adds unnecessary complexity and potential errors during ISR execution. Ensure the network is properly initialized during the system initialization phase and avoid reinitializing within the inference function.

Have a good day,

Julian

[YoussefAbdalla]

Hi ,

Thanks for your reply . I did what you Sir told me to do but also the same Hardfault error . the ai_output and ai_input are always 0 for some reason , despite input_data buffer has values .The neural network is used for classification of ECG signals into normal or abnormal , I want to sample at 360 Hz . I am not really sure if that is the right implementation of achieving 360Hz sampling frequency , all the peripheral clocks and timer clocks have 160 MHz . So 160MHz / 444444 ( ARR in timer3) = 360 Hz ? 

here is the code edited :( i included the adc 1 initialisation as well as the timer 3) 

what could be the error please . also worth mentioning that I cannot for some reason validate on target due to the famous error message : Internal error : E801(HwIOError) : Invalid firmware - /dev/cu.usbmodem103:115200

/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "app_x-cube-ai.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
#include "ai_platform.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "network.h"
#include "network_data.h"
/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */

/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
ADC_HandleTypeDef hadc1;

MDF_HandleTypeDef AdfHandle0;
MDF_FilterConfigTypeDef AdfFilterConfig0;

CRC_HandleTypeDef hcrc;

DCACHE_HandleTypeDef hdcache1;

I2C_HandleTypeDef hi2c1;
I2C_HandleTypeDef hi2c2;

OSPI_HandleTypeDef hospi1;
OSPI_HandleTypeDef hospi2;

SPI_HandleTypeDef hspi2;

TIM_HandleTypeDef htim3;

UART_HandleTypeDef huart4;
UART_HandleTypeDef huart5;
UART_HandleTypeDef huart1;

PCD_HandleTypeDef hpcd_USB_OTG_FS;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

//ai_u8 data_activations0[AI_NETWORK_DATA_ACTIVATION_1_SIZE];
ai_buffer ai_input[AI_NETWORK_IN_NUM] ;
ai_buffer ai_output[AI_NETWORK_OUT_NUM];
//float input_data[AI_NETWORK_IN_1_SIZE];  // Input buffer
//float output_data[AI_NETWORK_OUT_1_SIZE]; // Output buffer
float input_data[AI_NETWORK_IN_1_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(4)));
float output_data[AI_NETWORK_OUT_1_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(4)));

ai_handle network = AI_HANDLE_NULL;
ai_error err;

#define ADC_BUFFER_SIZE 180  // Number of ADC samples for one ECG input
static uint16_t adc_buffer[ADC_BUFFER_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(4)));
static uint16_t sample_index = 0;

uint8_t normal_flag = 0;
uint8_t abnormal_flag = 0;
volatile uint8_t inference_flag = 0;  // Flag for inference
volatile uint8_t adc_processing = 0;  // ADC process status flag

// UART buffer
char buf[100];
int buf_len = 0;

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void SystemPower_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_ADF1_Init(void);
static void MX_I2C1_Init(void);
static void MX_I2C2_Init(void);
static void MX_ICACHE_Init(void);
static void MX_OCTOSPI1_Init(void);
static void MX_OCTOSPI2_Init(void);
static void MX_SPI2_Init(void);
static void MX_UART4_Init(void);
void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void);
static void MX_UCPD1_Init(void);
static void MX_USB_OTG_FS_PCD_Init(void);
static void MX_ADC1_Init(void);
static void MX_UART5_Init(void);
static void MX_CRC_Init(void);
static void MX_TIM3_Init(void);
static void MX_DCACHE1_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the System Power */
  SystemPower_Config();

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */
  // Enable CRC clock (important for AI network initialization)
  //__HAL_RCC_CRC_CLK_ENABLE();
  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_ADF1_Init();
  MX_I2C1_Init();
  MX_I2C2_Init();
  MX_ICACHE_Init();
  MX_OCTOSPI1_Init();
  MX_OCTOSPI2_Init();
  MX_SPI2_Init();
  MX_UART4_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();
  MX_UCPD1_Init();
  MX_USB_OTG_FS_PCD_Init();
  MX_ADC1_Init();
  MX_UART5_Init();
  MX_CRC_Init();
  MX_TIM3_Init();
  MX_DCACHE1_Init();
  MX_X_CUBE_AI_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
  __HAL_RCC_CRC_CLK_ENABLE();
  //ai_handle network = AI_HANDLE_NULL;
  //ai_error err;

  ai_network_params ai_params = {
      AI_NETWORK_DATA_WEIGHTS(ai_network_data_weights_get()),
      AI_NETWORK_DATA_ACTIVATIONS(data_activations0)
  };

  // Create and initialize the network
//  err = ai_network_create_and_init(&network, data_activations0, NULL);
//  if (err.type != AI_ERROR_NONE) {
//      printf("AI Network Init Failed\r\n");
//      Error_Handler();  // Handle initialization failure
//  }

  err = ai_network_create(&network, AI_NETWORK_DATA_CONFIG);
  if (err.type != AI_ERROR_NONE) {
	  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Network Creation Failed\r\n", 25, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
	  Error_Handler();
  }

  if (!ai_network_init(network, &ai_params)) {
	  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Network Init Failed\r\n", 22, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
	  Error_Handler();
  }



  buf_len = sprintf(buf, "AI Network Initialized\r\n");
  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)buf, buf_len, 100);

  //calibrate ADC for better accuracy and start it with interrupt
   if(HAL_ADCEx_Calibration_Start(&hadc1, ADC_CALIB_OFFSET, ADC_SINGLE_ENDED) != HAL_OK)
	   Error_Handler();

   if(HAL_ADC_Start_IT(&hadc1) != HAL_OK)
	   Error_Handler();
   //start PWM Generation
   if(HAL_TIM_PWM_Start(&htim3, TIM_CHANNEL_1) != HAL_OK)
	   Error_Handler();








  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {



	  if (inference_flag) {
		  // Run inference
		  run_inference();
		  inference_flag = 0;  // Reset flag
	  }

	  HAL_Delay(4000);

		  // Output result over UART
	  if (output_data[0] > 0.5f) {
		  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Abnormal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 30, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
		  abnormal_flag = 0;

	  } else {
		  HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Normal Heartbeat Detected!\r\n", 27, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
		  normal_flag = 0;
	  }
 /* USER CODE END WHILE */

  //MX_X_CUBE_AI_Process();
    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}


static void MX_TIM3_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN TIM3_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END TIM3_Init 0 */

  TIM_MasterConfigTypeDef sMasterConfig = {0};
  TIM_OC_InitTypeDef sConfigOC = {0};

  /* USER CODE BEGIN TIM3_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END TIM3_Init 1 */
  htim3.Instance = TIM3;
  htim3.Init.Prescaler = 0;
  htim3.Init.CounterMode = TIM_COUNTERMODE_UP;
  htim3.Init.Period = 444444;
  htim3.Init.ClockDivision = TIM_CLOCKDIVISION_DIV1;
  htim3.Init.AutoReloadPreload = TIM_AUTORELOAD_PRELOAD_DISABLE;
  if (HAL_TIM_PWM_Init(&htim3) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  sMasterConfig.MasterOutputTrigger = TIM_TRGO_UPDATE;
  sMasterConfig.MasterSlaveMode = TIM_MASTERSLAVEMODE_DISABLE;
  if (HAL_TIMEx_MasterConfigSynchronization(&htim3, &sMasterConfig) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  sConfigOC.OCMode = TIM_OCMODE_PWM1;
  sConfigOC.Pulse = 0;
  sConfigOC.OCPolarity = TIM_OCPOLARITY_HIGH;
  sConfigOC.OCFastMode = TIM_OCFAST_DISABLE;
  if (HAL_TIM_PWM_ConfigChannel(&htim3, &sConfigOC, TIM_CHANNEL_1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN TIM3_Init 2 */

  /* USER CODE END TIM3_Init 2 */

}

static void MX_ADC1_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN ADC1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END ADC1_Init 0 */

  ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};

  /* USER CODE BEGIN ADC1_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END ADC1_Init 1 */

  /** Common config
  */
  hadc1.Instance = ADC1;
  hadc1.Init.ClockPrescaler = ADC_CLOCK_ASYNC_DIV1;
  hadc1.Init.Resolution = ADC_RESOLUTION_14B;
  hadc1.Init.GainCompensation = 0;
  hadc1.Init.ScanConvMode = ADC_SCAN_DISABLE;
  hadc1.Init.EOCSelection = ADC_EOC_SINGLE_CONV;
  hadc1.Init.LowPowerAutoWait = DISABLE;
  hadc1.Init.ContinuousConvMode = ENABLE;
  hadc1.Init.NbrOfConversion = 1;
  hadc1.Init.DiscontinuousConvMode = DISABLE;
  hadc1.Init.ExternalTrigConv = ADC_EXTERNALTRIG_T3_TRGO;
  hadc1.Init.ExternalTrigConvEdge = ADC_EXTERNALTRIGCONVEDGE_RISING;
  hadc1.Init.DMAContinuousRequests = DISABLE;
  hadc1.Init.TriggerFrequencyMode = ADC_TRIGGER_FREQ_HIGH;
  hadc1.Init.Overrun = ADC_OVR_DATA_PRESERVED;
  hadc1.Init.LeftBitShift = ADC_LEFTBITSHIFT_NONE;
  hadc1.Init.ConversionDataManagement = ADC_CONVERSIONDATA_DR;
  hadc1.Init.OversamplingMode = DISABLE;
  if (HAL_ADC_Init(&hadc1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Configure Regular Channel
  */
  sConfig.Channel = ADC_CHANNEL_1;
  sConfig.Rank = ADC_REGULAR_RANK_1;
  sConfig.SamplingTime = ADC_SAMPLETIME_5CYCLE;
  sConfig.SingleDiff = ADC_SINGLE_ENDED;
  sConfig.OffsetNumber = ADC_OFFSET_NONE;
  sConfig.Offset = 0;
  if (HAL_ADC_ConfigChannel(&hadc1, &sConfig) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN ADC1_Init 2 */

  /* USER CODE END ADC1_Init 2 */

}
void run_inference(void) {
    ai_error err;
    ai_i32 nbatch;



    for (int i = 0; i < ADC_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) {
		input_data[i] = (float)adc_buffer[i] / 16383.0f;  // Normalize ADC values
	}
    // Initialize AI input and output buffers without using n_batches
    ai_input[0].data = AI_HANDLE_PTR(input_data);

    ai_output[0].data = AI_HANDLE_PTR(output_data);

    // Set up AI input and output buffers


    // Run the inference on the network
    nbatch = ai_network_run(network, &ai_input[0], &ai_output[0]);
    if (nbatch != 1) {
        // If inference fails, print error message and return
        HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart5, (uint8_t *)"Error: Inference failed!\r\n", 26, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
        return;
    }





void HAL_ADC_ConvCpltCallback(ADC_HandleTypeDef *hadc)
{
	if (hadc->Instance == ADC1) {
		if (!adc_processing && sample_index < ADC_BUFFER_SIZE) {
			adc_buffer[sample_index++] = HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1);  // Store ADC value
		}

		if (sample_index >= ADC_BUFFER_SIZE) {
			// Once buffer is full, run inference
			//run_inference();
			adc_processing = 1;
			inference_flag = 1;  // Reduce CPU usage
			sample_index = 0;  // Reset the sample index for the next reading
		}
	}

}